How old do you have to be for work?
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If you have a tween or teenager looking to enter the workforce, you may wonder how old you have to be before getting a job. While each country and state has its own laws regarding minimum working age, general restrictions apply in most places.
1. Minimum legal working age
The minimum legal working age is the youngest age at which a person can legally hold a job. In most countries, this is determined by national or state laws.
The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) enforces child labor laws in the United States. For example, the Fair Labor Standards Act sets the general minimum working age at 14 years old for most non-agricultural jobs. However, some states have different regulations.
The DOL also limits working hours for kids 16 and under and prohibits minors under 18 from jobs categorized as hazardous.
It’s worth noting that the DOL allows some jobs at age 13 or under, such as babysitting or delivering newspapers. These rules can change, so always check with the DOL’s Youth Rules! initiative.
2. Age restrictions for different types of work
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While the minimum legal working age can range from 14-16 years old, there are restrictions (and some allowances) on the type of work that minors can do at various ages. For example:
14-15-year-olds: Can work in limited types of non-hazardous jobs, such as office work or retail, for a maximum of 3 hours on school days and 8 hours on weekends.
16-17-year-olds: Have fewer restrictions but still cannot work in hazardous industries like mining or manufacturing.
Child actors or performers: May be allowed to work from any age with parental consent and under strict regulations.
Volunteering: Minors may be able to volunteer for non-profit organizations without being subject to minimum working age laws. But always check state and federal regulations first, as they may change.
Kids may, at any age, work in a family business or do chores in their homes.
Minors may not drive vehicles as part of their job duties. However, 17-year-olds may be able to drive in some instances under strict guidelines.
3. Internships and educational work programs
Some high schools offer work programs that allow students to gain practical experience while earning school credit. These programs often partner with local businesses and allow students to explore potential career paths. In such cases, the age restrictions may be relaxed under the supervision of the school, allowing students to work during school hours.
Always confirm legality with federal and state child labor laws before authorizing or beginning any such program.
4. International work opportunities
Teens interested in working abroad should know that age restrictions can differ significantly from those in their home country. International programs, such as student exchanges or summer work travel programs, may have specific age requirements and additional regulations to ensure the safety of underage workers. Always check the specific requirements of the home and host countries and the program when considering overseas programs.
Importance of following age restrictions
Age restrictions for employment serve to protect the safety and well-being of young workers. It's important for employers and parents to follow these regulations and for young workers to be aware of their rights in the workplace. Employers who don't comply with age restrictions could face legal consequences with heavy fines. Young workers need to know their rights and report any violations.
Other things parents and teens need to know
Getting a worker's permit: Some states may require minors to obtain a work permit before starting their first job.
Understanding working hours: Ensure that your teen isn’t scheduled to work during school hours or outside the allowed working hours for their age group.
Protecting your safety: If you or your teen feel uncomfortable with a task at work, it's their right to speak up and tell their employer. Safety should always be top priority.
Health and safety training: Employers are required by law to provide a legally safe workplace and provide adequate and proper training to young workers so they’re equipped to handle emergencies and prevent work-related injuries.
Fair labor practices: Be aware of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which sets rules for wages and hours worked to ensure your teen is being paid at least the appropriate minimum wage. Helping teens understand their pay stubs and check for accurate pay is a great way to help ensure compliance.
Building a resume: Early employment offers a great opportunity for teens to begin building a resume. Parents can assist by encouraging their teens to keep track of their responsibilities, skills learned, and any achievements or acknowledgments received while on the job, as this information will be valuable for future educational and professional applications and interviews.
FAQs:
Q: Can I start working before the minimum legal working age?
A: It is against the law for employers to hire minors below the minimum working age, except in certain circumstances such as apprenticeships, family farms, or family businesses. It's important to follow all federal and state regulations and child labor laws for the safety and well-being of young workers.
Q: Is there a maximum working age?
A: There is no set maximum working age. However, it is illegal for employers to discriminate against anyone based on age, including older workers, during the hiring and employment processes.
Q: What types of jobs can minors over 16 do that are not available to younger teens?
A: Minors over 16 often have access to a wider range of employment opportunities, including work in more physically demanding or higher-responsibility roles. While still prohibited from hazardous jobs, they may work within food service, retail, and clerical positions with less stringent hour restrictions than younger teens.
Q: How do labor laws affect school hours for working minors?
A: Labor laws commonly ensure that work does not interfere with a minor's education. Restrictions often include limits on the number of hours worked during school days and weeks and sometimes require employers to allow time for homework and study.
Q: Can minors work full-time jobs during school vacations?
A: Yes, during school vacations, minors may be able to work full-time hours, but this can vary based on local laws and regulations. Often, there are still limitations to ensuring the safety and health of young workers.
Q: What should an employer do if they're unsure about age restriction laws?
A: Employers should consult their local labor laws and regulations or contact a labor attorney. They can also refer to government websites and resources that provide guidelines on youth employment.
Q: How can minors safeguard their rights at work?
A: Minors can protect their rights by becoming familiar with labor laws applicable to them, keeping accurate records of their hours, and voicing any concerns to a trusted adult or authority.
Q: Are there special work permits required for minors?
A: In some regions, minors are required to obtain a work permit or proof of age certificate before they can legally work. These are typically obtained through the minor's school or local labor department.
Q: How do age restrictions for employment differ internationally?
A: International age restrictions vary widely with different cultures and economies. One should check with local regulations or international labor organizations for specific information about the country.
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